Pendahuluan
Program Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perubatan dan Pembedahan (MBBS) dimulakan pada sesi akademik Julai 2009/2010.
Objektif Program
- Melahirkan graduan perubatan yang berkemahiran serta terlatih dalam bidang perubatan dan pembedahan am.
- Melahirkan graduan yang berkebolehan sebagai pegawai perubatan dan mempunyai jati diri yang utuh serta mampu berdikari dalam memastikan perkhidmatan serta rawatan yang diberikan memenuhi ‘standard’ serta mengikut etika yang ditetapkan.
- Melahirkan graduan yang dapat menguruskan penggunaan teknologi perubatan untuk meningkatkan kualiti hidup masyarakat dari segi kesihatan dan pengurusan pembangunan mapan.
- Melahirkan graduan yang beretika, prihatin, proaktif, berketrampilan, berdaya saing dan berbudaya cemerlang.
- Melahirkan graduan yang berminat untuk belajar berterusan seumur hidup.
- Melahirkan graduan yang berminat menjalankan penyelidikan melalui program ‘elektif’ yang disediakan termasuklah kajian ‘perubatan laut’.
Tempoh pengajian
Program ini merupakan program pengajian sepenuh masa dan dikendalikan melalui kuliah, tutorial, PBL, amali, kertas projek dan klinikal. Jangka masa pengajian ialah sepuluh (10) semester atau lima (5) tahun. Program ini terbahagi kepada dua (2) fasa:
i. Fasa 1: Pra-klinikal (Tahun1 & 2 pengajian).
ii.Fasa 2: Klinikal (Tahun 3, 4 & 5 pengajian)
Kemudahan Fakulti
|
Makmal |
Bilangan |
|
Makmal Anatomi |
1 |
|
Makmal Kemahiran Klinikal 1 |
1 |
|
Makmal Diseksi Anatomi |
1 |
|
Makmal Pelbagaiguna (Histopatologi) |
1 |
|
Mamal Pelbagaiguna (Biokimia) |
1 |
Peluang kerjaya
Selepas berjaya menjadi doktor perubatan, graduan dikehendaki menjalani perkhidmatan wajib dengan kerajaan selama empat tahun. Tahun pertama merupakan latihan siswazah atau housemanship. Pada masa ini, doktor baru akan belajar menyesuaikan diri dalam alam pekerjaan yang sebenar di hospital besar kerajaan. Selepas itu, mereka akan dilantik sebagai pegawai perubatan dan akan ditempatkan di hospital besar, hospital daerah atau pusat kesihatan di seluruh negara.
Pegawai perubatan yang telah berkhidmat selama tiga tahun berpeluang untuk melanjutkan pelajaran dalam bidang sarjana kepakaran perubatan yang ditawarkan oleh universiti tempatan tertentu. Kursus sarjana ini adalah selama empat tahun. Selepas lulus, mereka akan dilantik sebagai pakar perubatan dan kemudiannya pakar perunding selepas kira-kira lima tahun. Pakar perubatan juga boleh menyertai universiti tempatan untuk menjadi pensyarah perubatan di fakulti perubatan universiti tempatan. Selain daripada itu, pegawai perubatan juga boleh menduduki peperiksaan luaran seperti Royal College di United Kingdom, Ireland atau Australia untuk menjadi seorang pakar perubatan.
Keperluan kemasukan
- A. Syarat Am Universiti
Lulus Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)/Setaraf dengan mendapat kepujian dalam Bahasa Malaysia
Lulus peperiksaan STPM dengan mendapat sekurang-kurangnya:
- Gred C (NGMP 2.00) mata pelajaran Pengajian Am dan
- Gred C (NGMP 2.00) dua (2) mata pelajaran lain
atau
Lulus Matrikulasi KPM / Asasi Sains sekurang-kurangnya 2.0
atau
Kelayakan Diploma atau kelulusan yang diiktiraf setaraf dengannya dan diiktiraf oleh SENAT UDM
dan
Lulus “Malaysian University English Test” (MUET) sekurang-kurangnya Band 1.
- B. Syarat Khas Fakulti
Lulus matrikulasi Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia dan kelulusan setara dengan mendapat sekurang- kurangnya minimum PNGK 3.33
dan
Mendapat sekurang-kurangnya Gred B+ (3.33) pada peringkat matrikulasi dalam matapelajaran berikut:
- Biologi
- Kimia
- Fizik / Matematik
Mempunyai kelayakan lain yang diiktiraf oleh Senat UDM dan lulus “Malaysian University English Test” (MUET) sekurang-kurangnya Band 3
Struktur pengajian
Program Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perubatan dan Pembedahan dibahagikan kepada dua (2) fasa iaitu Fasa 1 (pra-klinikal) dan Fasa 2 (Klinikal). Tempoh pengajian mengambil masa selama lima (5) tahun untuk mendapat ijazah dan tidak melebihi tujuh (7) tahun (dari tarikh pendaftaran pertama pengajian).
|
Bil. |
Status/Komponen |
Jam Kredit/tempoh masa |
|
1 |
Kursus Universiti |
19 jam kredit |
|
2 |
Kursus Teras ( Fakulti ) |
192 jam kredit |
|
3 |
Kursus Elektif |
Tahun 2 = 4 minggu Tahun 4 = 6 minggu |
Calon dikehendaki mencapai taraf lulus kesemua kursus yang ditawarkan untuk membolehkan mereka memperolehi Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perubatan dan Pembedahan (MBBS).
Kursus-kursus tersebut adalah seperti berikut (perinciannya adalah seperti yang tercatat di dalam lampiran yang dikemukakan):
Kursus Universiti (19 Kredit)
|
Bil |
Kod kursus |
Nama Kursus |
Jam Kredit |
|
|
1 |
UIT 3012 |
TAMADUN ISLAM DAN TAMADUN ASIA (TITAS) |
2 |
|
|
2 |
UIE 3012 |
HUBUNGAN ETNIK |
2 |
|
|
3 |
UIU 3012 |
AQIDAH DAN AKHLAK (Pelajar Islam) |
2 |
|
|
UIM 3012 |
MORAL & ETIKA II (Pelajar Bukan Islam) |
|||
|
4 |
UIU 3022 |
FIQH ISLAMI (Pelajar Islam) |
2 |
|
|
UIM 3022 |
PERBANDINGAN AGAMA II (Pelajar Bukan Islam) |
|||
|
5 |
UIQ 3010 |
TALAQQI QURAN |
AUDIT |
|
|
6 |
UBI 3012 |
ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION I |
2 |
|
|
7 |
UBI 3022 |
ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION II |
2 |
|
|
8 |
BAHASA ASING: |
2 |
||
|
UBA 3012 |
BAHASA ARAB I |
|||
|
UBA 3022 |
BAHASA ARAB II |
|||
|
UBL3012 |
BAHASA ARAB UNDANG-UNDANG |
|||
|
UBC 3012 |
BAHASA MANDARIN |
|||
|
UBF 3012 |
BAHASA PERANCIS |
|||
|
9 |
UMW 3012 |
ASAS PEMBUDAYAAN KEUSAHAWANAN |
2 |
|
|
10 |
- |
KOKURIKULUM |
3 |
|
Kursus Teras (192 jam kredit)
|
BIL |
KOD KURSUS |
KURSUS |
KREDIT |
|
FASA 1 (TAHUN 1)
|
|||
|
HPS 3012 |
Genetic and Human Body |
2 |
|
|
HPS 3024 |
Cell and Tissue |
4 |
|
|
HPS 3033 |
Basic Mechanism of Disease |
3 |
|
|
HPS 3043 |
Diagnosis and Therapy |
3 |
|
|
HPS 3052 |
Molecular & Immunology |
2 |
|
|
HPS 3062 |
Nutrition, Growth & Development |
2 |
|
|
HPS 3074 |
Gastrointestinal Tract |
4 |
|
|
HPS 3086 |
Cardiovascular System |
6 |
|
|
HPS 3096 |
Respiratory System |
6 |
|
|
HPS 3104 |
Haemopoietic and Lymphoid System |
4 |
|
|
FASA 1 (TAHUN 2)
|
|||
|
HPS 3116 |
Genitourinary system |
6 |
|
|
HPS 3126 |
Reproductive |
6 |
|
|
HPS 3136 |
Musculoskeletal |
6 |
|
|
HPS 3146 |
Central Nervous System |
6 |
|
|
HPS 3154 |
Endocrine & Metabolisme |
4 |
|
|
HPS 3164 |
Public Health I |
4 |
|
|
FASA 2 (TAHUN 3, 4, 5) |
|||
|
TAHUN 3 |
|||
|
HPS 4178 |
Surgery I |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4188 |
Medicine I |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4198 |
Obstetric I |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4208 |
Paediatric I |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4214 |
Orthopaedic I |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4228 |
Public Health II |
8 |
|
|
TAHUN 4 |
|||
|
HPS 4234 |
Medicine II |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4244 |
Public Health III |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4256 |
Family Medicine |
6 |
|
|
HPS 4268 |
Psychiatric I |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4272 |
Dermatology |
2 |
|
|
HPS 4284 |
Surgery II |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4292 |
Opthalmology |
2 |
|
|
HPS 4302 |
Ear, Nose And Throat |
2 |
|
|
HPS 4314 |
Accident And Emergency |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4322 |
Anaesthesiology |
2 |
|
|
HPS 4332 |
Forensic Medicine |
2 |
|
|
TAHUN 5 |
|||
|
HPS 4348 |
Medicine III |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4358 |
Surgery II |
8 |
|
|
HPS 4366 |
Paediatric II |
6 |
|
|
HPS 4374 |
Obstetric II |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4384 |
Gynaecology II |
4 |
|
|
HPS 4396 |
Psychiatric II |
6 |
|
|
HPS 4404 |
Orthopaedic II |
4 |
|
Sistem Penilaian
Tahun 1
- 1. Kriteria Penilaian
SEM 1 : Penilaian berterusan : 40%
Peperiksaan Akhir SEM : 60%
SEM 2 : Penilaian berterusan : 40%
Peperiksaan Akhir SEM : 60%
Komponen:
- Penilaian berterusan : Teori – OBA/ MCQ/ SAQ, “Attitude assessment, Tugasan
- Peperiksaan Akhir SEM : Teori – OBA/MCQ/SAQ/EQ
: OSPE
- 2. Kriteria Untuk ”Progression” Ke Tahun 2
- Lulus kesemua peperiksaan semester
- 3. Kriteria untuk lulus
- 50% dan keatas dalam sem 1 and 2
- Lulus boderline viva
- 4. Kriteria untuk borderline viva
Lulus 45%-49% dalam peperiksaan akhir.
- 5. Kriteria untuk Mengulang tahun 1
- Gagal dalam borderline viva
- Gagal dalam peperiksaan lebih dari 35 % dalam sem 1 and sem 2
- 6. Kriteria untuk diberhentikan dari tahun 1
- Gagal dalam peperiksaan ulangan kurang dari 35 %dalam sem 1 and sem 2
- Gagal dalam peperiksaan ulangan tahun 1
Tahun 2
1.Kriteria Penilaian
SEM 1 : Berterusan : 40%
Peperiksaan Akhir SEM : 60%
SEM 2 : Berterusan : 40%
Peperiksaan Akhir SEM : 60%
Komponen:
- Penilaian berterusan : Teori – OBA/ MCQ/ SAQ, Attitude
- Peperiksaan Akhir SEM : Teori – OBA/MCQ/SAQ/EQ
: OSPE
- Kriteria untuk menduduki professional 1
- Lulus semester 1 dan 2 bagi tahun 2
Ringkasan:
- Kriteria untuk mengulangi tahun 2
- Gagal dalam ulangan peperiksaan professional 1
- Kriteria untuk digugurkan dari kursus perubatan
- Gagal peperiksaan (ulangan tahun 2 atau Peperiksaan Profesional 1) dengan CGPA < 1
- Kriteria untuk memasuki tahun 3
- Lulus peperiksaan professional 1
- Lulus peperiksaan ulangan professional 1
- Lulus border line viva peperiksaan professional 1
Tahun 3,
Kriteria penilaian
PENILAIAN POSTING: Penilaian berterusan : 40%
: Peperiksaan Akhir posting SEM : 60%
Kompnen :
- Penilaian berterusan : Case write up /kemahiran klinikal/ Sikap profesional
- Peperiksaan posting : Teori (MCQ, MEQ & esei)
: Peperiksaan klinikal (long and short cases, OSCE)
- Kriteria ke tahun 4
- Lulus semua posting dalam tahun 3
- Kriteria untuk mengulang posting pada tahun 3
- Gagal 1 atau 2 posting sahaja
- Kriteria untuk mengulang tahun 3
- Gagal 3 posting atau lebih
Tahun 4
1. Kriteria penilaian posting
PENILAIAN POSTING : Penilaian berterusan: 40%
: Peperiksaan posting : 60
Komponen :
- Penilaian berterusan : Case write up /Kemahiran klinikal/ Sikap profesional
- Peperiksaan akhir posting : Teori ( MCQ, MEQ & esei)
: Peperiksaan klnikal (long and short cases, OSCE )
- 2. Kriteria untuk ke tahun 5
- Lulus semua posting dalam tahun 4
- 3. Kriteria untuk mengulang posting
- Gagal tidak lebih daripada 2 posting major
- 4. Kriteria mengulang tahun 4
- Gagal 3 atau lebih posting pada tahun 4
Tahun 5 ( PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR PROFESIONAL)
1. Kriteria penilaian posting
POSTING : Penilaian berterusan : 40%
:Peperiksaan posting : 60
Komponen :
- Penilaian berterusan : Case write up /Kemahiran klinikal/ Sikap profesional
- Peperiksaan akhir posting : Teori ( MCQ, MEQ & esei)
: Peperiksaan klnikal (long and short cases, OSCE )
2. Kriteria untuk menduduki peperiksaan professional 2
- Lulus semua peperiksaan posting tahun 5
3. Kriteria untuk mengulang peperiksaan professional 2 (dalam masa 6 bulan x 2)
- Gagal border line viva
- Gagal peperiksaaan profesional 2
Kehadiran untuk setiap semester dan posting mestilah melebihi 80% untuk melayakkan pelajar menghadapi peperiksaan akhir semester, akhir posting dan profesional.
|
KURSUS |
SINOPSIS |
|
Genetic and Human Body (HPS 3012) |
This module designed to introduce students to the laws of heredity as they apply to humans and to the study of inherited traits. The course covers a number of other related topics, including sex determination, the composition and function of genes, the causes and effects of mutation, population genetics, the genetics of immunity and cancer, the contribution of heredity to behavior and intelligence, genetic counseling, and genetic engineering.
|
|
Cell and Tissue (HPS 3024) |
In Cell and Tissue students learn about the structures and function of cells and tissues in organs of the human body and learn about clinical correlations of cell and tissue functions. The course covers cell biology; the cell and tissue biology of basic epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues; and the cell and tissue biology of blood, skeletal, hepato-pancreatic, lymphoid, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, integumentary and special sense systems. This module integrates material from the nanoscopic domains of molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology with the macroscopic domains of gross anatomy and the patient.
|
|
Basic Mechanism of Disease (HPS 3033) |
The course is designed to give the students a basic understanding of the mechanisms of disease such as cancer and the principles of chemotherapy using as examples the treatment of infection, cancer and inflammation. The rational use of specific drugs will be described, as will the problems of drug resistance.
|
|
Diagnosis and Therapy (HPS 3043) |
Students are expected to understand and obtain a broad introductory overview on a wide range of human diseases, disorders and injuries, in relation to their symptoms and recommended therapies. |
|
Molecular & Immunology (HPS 3052) |
This course describes the basic concepts in immunology which include the concept of immunity and the immune response. Description of the types of lymphoid tissues and cells, the characteristics, types and functions of various molecules such as immunoglobulins, cytokines and the various components of the complement system as well as immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes will also be addressed. In addition, the concepts of antigen, immunogen, antigenicity and immunogenicity, as well as the importance of vaccination (immunization) and the basic concept of immunopathology will be described. The use of antigen-antibody interactions in diagnosis will be introduced.
|
|
Nutrition, Growth & Development (HPS 3062) |
Discussions in this course will focus on metabolism and homeostasis in relation to topics such as macronutrients, vitamins and minerals, water and electrolyte equilibrium, synergistic action between nutrients and nutrients utilized during various phases of physiological and biochemical changes of human adaptation. |
|
Gastrointestinal Tract (HPS 3074) |
This module is to guide students in understanding and learning the development (embriologi), structure, relation, radiology and histology (anatomy), functions (physiology) and metabolism (biochemistry) of gasterointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system. |
|
Cardiovascular System (HPS 3086) |
The aim of this module is that the students should be able to understand the structure of the cardiovascular system and relate the structure to its functions. |
|
Respiratory System (HPS 3096) |
The aim of this module is that the students should be able to understand the structure of the respiratory system and relate the structure to its functions. The knowledge of basic sciences obtained in year 1 such as infection and immunity, the mechanism of diseases and the pharmacokinatics of drug will help students to understand the dieases commonly affecting the respiratory system and the drug used in respiratory diseases. |
|
Haemopoietic and Lymphoid System (HPS 3104) |
This program is aimed to enable students to gain basic knowledge about the production of normal blood cells and also the mechanisms and Diabetes and lymphoreticular blood and interference. This module will also include the principles of the group and blood transfusion and the basic principles of stem cell transplantation. |
|
Genitourinary system (HPS 3116) |
This course provides an introduction to common genitourinary diseases and to describe the pathophsiological changes that occur with disease process.It also enables the student to acquire knowledge on the underlying mechanisms and the principles of management of common diseases of the genitourinary system.
|
|
Reproductive (HPS 3126) |
The course focuses on disorders of the male and female reproductive system. It also covers the abnormalities and problems related to the menstruation, pregnancy and abnormal growth in the reproductive organ. This module includes the management of patient with menopausal syndrome. The students are exposed to the concepts of holistic care with the integration of Islamic value in the care of the patients.
|
|
Musculoskeletal (HPS 3136) |
This course include learning aspect which related with bone structure, joint, nerve channel muscle and supply which related with its function. Fugginess ensure students be able to apply which knowledge studied with clinical disturbance and disease relating system-with muskuloskeletal. Student should learn theory concept through lecture, practical, Problem-Based Learning Packages (PBL) And Self-Learning Packages (SLP). |
|
Central Nervous System (HPS 3146) |
This course covers theories and practical aspects in the management of patients with central nervous system disorders. It will include the pathophysiology responses to the altered function of the central nervous system, medical care and the application of medical process in carrying out medical interventions. The course focuses on the application of the critical thinking skills and integration of Islamic values in planning and cares for the patient with defective nervous system function.
|
|
Endocrine & Metabolisme (HPS 3154) |
This course include basic knowledge of endocrine system which covered endocrine gland anatomy, hormone secreted including synthesis and degradation, the way of hormone action, the regulation, endocrine metabolics and diseases.
|
|
Public Health I (HPS 3164) |
This course will discuss on various issues and challenges to the health services at present and the future. It also discusses various health conditions to enable students able to identify community health problem.
|
|
Surgery I (HPS 4178) |
During this 8-week surgical posting, students will be exposed to various aspects of clinical training in surgery at general surgery ward and clinics.
|
|
Medicine I (HPS 4188) |
This course discusses approach to various diseases in Medicine. By applying basic and clinical sciences, the students learn through an integrated approach encompassing history taking, clinical examination and principles of patient management. Student will also be expected to perform simple clinical procedure.
|
|
Obstetric & Gynaecology I (HPS 4198) |
During this 8-week obstetric dan gynaecological posting, students will be exposed to various aspects of clinical training in obstetric dan gynaecology including assisting in conducting normal delivery and gynaecology problem. |
|
Paediatric I (HPS 4208) |
During this 8-week paediatric posting, students will be exposed to various aspects of clinical training in paediatric problems including normal child developmental mildstone, infectious disease in childhood and other diseases based on system.
|
|
Orthopaedic I (HPS 4214) |
During the orthopaedic’s posting student will be exposed to various cases of general and emergency orthopaedic. Student will have training in orthopaedic management via lecture, seminars and clinical clerkship.
|
|
Public Health II (HPS 4228) |
During this 8-week surgical posting, students will be exposed to various aspects of public health care including concept of control and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Attention is specifically given to the programs and services of disease control that has become the public health problem in Malaysia. |
|
Medicine II (HPS 4234) |
During this Medicine II posting student will undergo clinical training in medicine and learned the principle of management in medicine. |
|
Public Health III (HPS 4244) |
The module incorporates lectures, seminars and , practical. This subject discusses psychosocial impact of illness to the community and the role of health officer including medical welfare officer in patient management especially those at rural area.
|
|
Family Medicine (HPS 4256) |
During this 6-week Family Medicine posting, students will be exposed to various aspects of clinical training in primary health care including history taking and physical examination of common primary care problem and appreciate the cultural, socioeconomic and other factors affecting the patient’s treatment.
|
|
Psychiatric I (HPS 4268) |
During this 8-week psychiatric posting, students will be exposed to various aspects of clinical training in psychiatry including history taking and assessment of mental state, particularly eliciting patients’ psychopathology.
|
|
Dermatology (HPS 4272) |
The course prepares students to appropriately assess skin conditions during patient encounters, a skill that they will need during their clinical years.
|
|
Surgery II (HPS 4284) |
During this 4-week surgical posting, students will be exposed to various aspectsof surgical subspecialty such as neuro-surgery, hepatobiliary, urology and paediatric surgery.
|
|
Opthalmology (HPS 4292) |
During the opthalmological posting student will undergo clinical training including history taking, physical examination and management of common eye diseases.
|
|
Ear, Nose And Throat (HPS 4302) |
During the course the students will be exposed to the various aspects of clinical training including history taking, physical examination and management of the commonly found ENT problems. |
|
Accident And Emergency (HPS 4314) |
Students are to be exposed to common emergency problems during a 4-week posting at an emergency department. Lectures, tutorials and practical skill workshops will be included besides observation of emergency procedures.
|
|
Anaesthesiology (HPS 4322) |
This is a 2-weeks posting where the students will be exposed to the principles of anaesthesia and resuscitation. |
|
Forensic Medicine (HPS 4332) |
In this module medical student will be exposured to the medico legal case and their consequences. The student will be taught about wound and injuries in cases involved with crime. This kind exposure will enhance the knowledge and skill of medical student in handling medical-legal case. |
|
Medicine III (HPS 4348) |
This course is a continuation of Medicine II course which encompasses finer aspects of history taking and physical examination, rational approach on investigation and management of clinical problems, therapeutic aspects of medical practice and therapeutic procedures in wads.
|
|
Surgery III (HPS 4358) |
This course is a continuation of Surgery II course which encompasses finer aspects of history taking and physical examination, rational approach on investigation and management of clinical problems, therapeutic aspects of surgical practice and therapeutic procedures in clinics, wads and operation theater
|
|
Paediatric II (HPS 4366) |
This course is a continuation of Pediatrics I course which encompasses finer aspects of history taking and physical examination, rational approach on investigation and management of clinical problems, therapeutic aspects of pediatrics practice and therapeutic procedures in clinics and wads including neonatal ward.
|
|
Obstetric II (HPS 4374) |
This course is a continuation of Obstetric I course which encompasses finer aspects of history taking and physical examination, rational approach on investigation and management of clinical problems, therapeutic aspects and therapeutic procedures in clinics, wads and operation theatre.
|
|
Gynaecology II (HPS 4384) |
This course is a continuation of Obstetric and Gynecology course which encompasses finer aspects of history taking and physical examination, rational approach on investigation and management of clinical problems, therapeutic aspects and therapeutic procedures in clinics, wads and operation theatre.
|
|
Psychiatric II (HPS 4396) |
This course is a continuation of Psychiatry I course which encompasses psychosocial aspects of physical illnesses through liaison psychiatry, managing dying patients and handling cases in emergency psychiatry.
|
|
Orthopaedic II (HPS 4404) |
This course is a continuation of Orthopedic I course which encompasses finer aspects of history taking and physical examination, rational approach on investigation and management of clinical problems, therapeutic aspects of pediatrics practice and therapeutic procedures in clinics, wads and operation theatre. |









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